1. Noun Phrase
Noun Phrase = noun + modifiers( descriptions) : A noun phrase consists of a noun and all its modifiers. It can function in a sentence as a subject, object or complement.
e.g. Some American school boards have begun to consider compensating teachers based on how well they teach rather than how long.
Some American school boards noun phrase = subject
e.g. Critics reject these controversial pay-for performances plans, maintaining that they are unfair to teachers who have difficult students.
These controversial pay-for performances plans noun phrase = direct object.